Abdulmalik, U.B., Abbas, U. (2025). Competitiveness of Nigerian agricultural produce in the global market: Challenges, opportunities, and policy implications. African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies, 18(1), 62-79. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpas.v18i1.4

Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J.A. (2019). The narrow corridor: States, societies, and the fate of liberty: Winners of the 2024 Nobel Prize in economics. Penguin UK.

Adindu, A.G., Agbonkpolor, N.B., Umar, H.Y., Mkor, T. (2019). Cost and returns in gum arabic marketing during peak and lean seasons in Kano state, Nigeria. 6th Africa Conference of Agricultural Economics held on September 23-26, Abuja, Nigeria

Barney, J.B., Ketchen Jr, D.J., Wright, M. (2021). Resource-based theory and the value creation framework. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1936-1955.

Byrne, B.M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, (Multivariate Applications Series), 3/E.

Dayoub, M. (2025). Trends and Challenges in Gum Arabic Markets in Key Producing Countries in Africa (Sudan, Chad, Nigeria, and Senegal). Commodities, 4(3), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/commodities4030016

Djetoyom, D., Gang, T., Ngueilbaye, A., Lubari, J.Y.R. (2024). Assessing potential and impact factors driving Chadian Gum Arabic international trade based on the augmented gravity model. Sustainability, 16(23), 10215.

Donatus, F. (2025). Inside Nigeria’s multi-billion Naira gum Arabic business. Business day. December 5, 2025. https://businessday.ng/news/article/inside-nigerias-multi-billion-naira-gum-arabic-business/?noamp=mobile&amp.

Foraminifera Market Research (2026). Spray dried gum arabic powder (food grade) production in Nigeria: The feasibility report. Spray Dried Gum Arabic Powder (food grade) Production in Nigeria; The Feasibility Report. « Foraminifera Market Research.

Fung, A. (2006). Varieties of participation in complex governance. Public Administration Review, 66, 66-75.

Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis. Cengage Learning, EMEA

Cheriton House, North Way Andover, Hampshire, United Kingdom.

Hamidu, S.T., Murtala, N., Gupa, M.A. (2025). The role of agricultural development programmes (ADPs) in promoting the production of gum arabic (Acacia Senegalensis) in Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of Forest Science and Environment, 10(1), 15-22.

Jenkins-Smith, H.C., Nohrstedt, D., Weible, C.M., Ingold, K. (2018). The advocacy coalition framework: An overview of the research program. In: Theories of the policy process, 135-171. DOI: 10.4324/9780429494284-5

Joshi, M. (2025). Gum Arabic Market Report, Global Industry Analysis, Market Size, Share, Growth Trends, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies and Segment Forecasts 2024 – 2030. Pg. 189. Gum Arabic Market Size, Share, Analysis, Trends, Forecast

Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues1. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 3(2), 220-246.

Kline, R.B. (1998). Structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford, 33, 9780203108550-9.

Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Ebook; The Guilford Press.

Muhammad, Y.K., Ilu, K.J., Jibo, A.U., Salami, K.D. (2020). Economic analysis of Senegalia senegal (gum Arabic) production in Yobe state, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 12(2).

Nicholas, O.O., Adefunke, A.T. (2025). Empowering women in gum arabic production for sustainable development: a review. African Journal of Social Issues, 8(1), 1-12.

Nigerian Export Promotion Council (NEPC). (2026). Gum Arabic development key to unlocking Nigeria's non-oil export potential—Stakeholders. Raw Materials 360. Gum Arabic Development Key to Unlocking Nigeria’s Non-Oil Export Potential — Stakeholders - Raw Materials 360

North, D.C., Wallis, J.J., Weingast, B.R. (2009). Violence and social orders: A conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history. Cambridge University Press.

North, D., Wallis, J.J., Weingast, B.R. (2013). Violence and social orders. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

Omokhafe, K.O. (2019). Climate Smart Gum Arabic Crop Investment in Arid Zones:‎ An Agroforestry Model in Nigeria. Specialty Journal of Geographical and Environmental Science, 3(3), 21-34.

Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press.

Rahim, A.H., Ierland, E.C.V., Weikard, H.-P. (2010). Competition in the gum arabic market: a game theoretic modelling approach. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 49(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.155540.

Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) (2025). Jigawa's golden sap: Harnessing the value of gum arabic for Nigeria's economy. Raw Materials 360. Jigawa’s Golden Sap: Harnessing the Value of Gum Arabic for Nigeria’s Economy - Raw Materials 360.

Rodrik, D. (2012). The globalization paradox: Democracy and the future of the world economy. WW Norton & Company.

Sabatier, P.A., Weible, C.M. (2019). The advocacy coalition framework: Innovations and clarifications. In Theories of the policy process, second edition (pp. 189-220). Routledge.

Sagay, G.A., Mesike, C.S. (2026). Socio Economic Attributes of Gum arabic Production in Nigeria. World Rural Observation, 18(2), 18-25. doi:10.7537/marswro180226.03

Vehrs, H. Waziri, I. (2023). The Gum Arabic Business: Modernisation of production in north-eastern Nigeria. In: M. Bollig, A. Mosimane, R. Nghitevelekwa, S. Lendelvo, M. Bollig, A. Mosimane, R. Nghitevelekwa, S. Lendelvo, L. Lacan, L. Kalvelage, C. Greiner, J. Revilla-Diez, C. Hulke, S. Ndwandwe, J. Lavelle, E. Kioko, H. Vehrs, R. Wynberg, L. Hewitson, S. Lendelwo, C. Fabiano, M. Angula, K. Matengu, J. Mbaiwa, J. Dittmann, L. Lenhart, I. Waziri, S. Sullivan, M. Shapi, D. Müller-Mahn, S. Kosmas & M. Kinyanjui (Ed.), Conservation, Markets & the Environment in Southern and Eastern Africa: Commodifying the ‘Wild’ (pp. 249-274). Boydell and Brewer: Boydell and Brewer. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781800106642-014

Wanjala, P., Etemesi, I. (2026). Unlocking Economic Potential Through Value Addition: Transforming Pastoral Livelihoods with Gum Arabic in Northern Kenya. Open Journal of Forestry and Natural Resources, 2(1),

-15.

Williams, P.A., Phillips, G.O. (2021). Gum arabic. In Handbook of hydrocolloids (pp. 627-652). Woodhead Publishing.

World Bank (2020), World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains, World Bank, 2020; free download. Rating: 80/20 Free download.